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ʻAʻole hiki ke wikiwiki ke kaua chip, ʻaʻole hiki ke lohi ke kaua AI

I kekahi manawa i hala aku nei, ua kipa aku ʻo Yellen i Kina, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻokau i nā "hana" he nui, e kōkua i nā media haole iā ia e hōʻuluʻulu i kekahi o lākou: "e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā luna Kina ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka inoa o ka palekana aupuni e pale aku iā Kina mai ka loaʻa ʻana. ʻO ka ʻenehana koʻikoʻi e like me nā semiconductor a me nā ʻano hana ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻino i ka ʻoihana Kina.

Ua 2023, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka pāpā ʻana i ka ʻoihana chip Kina ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau pōʻai, ʻo ka papa inoa o nā ʻoihana ʻāina nui a me nā poʻe ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000, hiki i ka mea ʻē aʻe ke hana i kahi kumu nui, hoʻopā. , ʻo ia wale nō "ʻo ia maoli, uē au a make."

ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻAmelika iā lākou iho ke ʻike i ia mea, ua paʻi koke ʻia e kekahi ʻatikala ma ka New York Times.

ʻEhā mau lā ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o Yellen iā Kina, ua paʻi ʻo Alex Palmer, kahi mea hoʻolaha Kina kaulana ma ka pōʻai media haole, He ʻatikala ma ka NYT e wehewehe ana i ka blockade chip US, i kākau pololei ʻia ma ke poʻo inoa: He Act of War kēia.

ʻO Alex Palmer, he haumāna puka Harvard a ʻo ka Yanjing Scholar mua ma ke Kulanui o Peking, ua uhi lōʻihi ʻo Kina, me Xu Xiang, fentanyl a me TikTok, a he kamaʻāina kahiko i hōʻeha i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe Kina. Akā ua loaʻa iā ia nā ʻAmelika e haʻi iā ia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ka chip.

I loko o ka ʻatikala, ua haʻi pololei kekahi mea pane "ʻaʻole wale mākou e ʻae iā Kina e holomua i ka ʻenehana, e hoʻohuli hou mākou i ko lākou pae ʻenehana i kēia manawa" a ʻo ka pāpā chip "e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka kaiaola ʻenehana holomua holoʻokoʻa o Kina. ”

Ua lawe ka ʻAmelika i ka huaʻōlelo "hoʻopau," ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka "hoʻopau" a "hoʻopau ʻia," a kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia i mua o ka maʻi maʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​kāleka lāʻau lapaʻau Mekiko. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mea o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ka ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o Kina. Inā kūleʻa kēia mau hana, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka holomua o Kina no kekahi hanauna, wānana nā mea kākau.

ʻO ka mea makemake e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ke kaua, pono e nau pinepine i ka huaʻōlelo hoʻopau.

01

Ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaua

ʻO ke kānāwai hoʻokūkū a me ke kānāwai o ke kaua, ʻelua mau mea ʻokoʻa loa.

ʻO ka hoʻokūkū pāʻoihana he hoʻokūkū i loko o ke kānāwai, akā ʻaʻole like ke kaua, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka hoa paio i nā lula a me nā kapu, e hana i kekahi mea e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou mau pahuhopu. ʻOi aku ma ke kahua o nā chips, hiki i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke hoʻololi mau i nā lula - hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i hoʻokahi set, ua hoʻololi koke ia i kahi hoʻonohonoho hou e hana pū me ʻoe.

No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2018, ua ʻae ka US Department of Commerce iā Fujian Jinhua ma ke ʻano o ka "papa inoa hui", i alakaʻi pololei ʻia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka hana (e hoʻomaka hou i ka hana); I ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ʻo Huawei i loko o ka papa inoa hui, e kāohi ana i nā hui ʻAmelika mai ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā huahana a me nā lawelawe iā ia, e like me ka polokalamu EDA a me Google's GMS.

Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau mea ke "hoʻopau" iā Huawei, ua hoʻololi ʻo ʻAmelika i nā lula: mai Mei 2020, hoʻomaka ia e koi i nā hui āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana ʻAmelika e hoʻolako iā Huawei, e like me ka TSMC's foundry, i alakaʻi pololei i ka stagnation o Hisiculus. a me ka emi ʻana o nā kelepona paʻa lima o Huawei, e lawe mai ana ma mua o 100 biliona yuan o nā poho i ke kaulahao ʻoihana o Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻonui ka hoʻokele Biden i ka pahuhopu ahi mai ka "ʻoihana" i ka "ʻoihana", a ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka nui o nā ʻoihana Kina, nā kulanui a me nā keʻena noiʻi ʻepekema i ka papa inoa papa. Ma ʻOkakopa 7, 2022, ua hoʻopuka ka US Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) i nā hoʻoponopono mana hoʻokuʻu hou e kokoke pololei ana i kahi "ceiling" ma nā semiconductor China:

ʻO nā pahu logic ma lalo o 16nm a i ʻole 14nm, ka waiho ʻana o NAND me 128 mau papa a ʻoi aku paha, DRAM integrated circuits me 18nm a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka lawe ʻana aku, a ua kaupalena ʻia nā chips me ka mana computing ma mua o 4800TOPS a me ka bandwidth interconnection ma mua o 600GB / s. , inā he mea hoʻokumu a kūʻai pololei paha i nā huahana.

Ma nā ʻōlelo a kahi tank noʻonoʻo ma Wakinekona: Ke kuhi nei ʻo Trump i nā ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻo Biden e pā ana i nā ʻoihana.

I ka heluhelu ʻana i ka moʻolelo pilikia ʻekolu kino, he mea maʻalahi i ka poʻe heluhelu maʻamau ke hoʻomaopopo i ka Yang mo o Zhizi e laka i ka ʻenehana Honua; Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke nānā aku ka poʻe ʻaʻole ʻoihana i ka pāpā chip, loaʻa iā lākou ka manaʻo: ʻoiai ʻoe e mālama i nā lula o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻimi ʻia; Ke kuhi ʻia ʻoe, ʻo ia hoʻi ua hana hewa ʻoe.

He mea maʻamau kēia manaʻo, no ka mea, nui ka poʻe e noho nei i ka manaʻo "hoʻokūkū". Akā i ka "kaua," he kuhi hewa paha kēia ʻike. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua noʻonoʻo ka nui o nā luna semiconductor i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka noiʻi kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻoihana e komo i nā kula kiʻekiʻe (ʻoiai ma mua o ka noiʻi ʻana), e hālāwai ia me kahi pā kinoea ʻike ʻole.

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Hoʻokumu ʻia ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pahu kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kahi pūʻulu o nā kaulahao lako ʻenehana honua, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā chips 5nm SoC, pono ʻoe e kūʻai i nā cores mai Arm, kūʻai i nā polokalamu mai Candence a i ʻole Synopsys, kūʻai i nā patent mai Qualcomm, a hoʻonohonoho. hiki ke hana me TSMC… I ka wā e hana ʻia ai kēia mau hana, e komo lākou i ke kahua o ka ʻike o ka mākaʻikaʻi BIS o ka US Department of Commerce.

ʻO kekahi hihia he hui chip nona ka mea hana kelepona paʻa, nāna i wehe i kahi hui noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma Taiwan e huki i nā talena kūloko e hana i nā chips mea kūʻai aku, akā ua loaʻa koke i ka "hoʻokolokolo" o nā keʻena pili Taiwan. I ka minamina, ua wili ʻia ka lālā mai ka makuahine ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai kūʻokoʻa ma waho o ke kino, akā pono e makaʻala.

I ka hopena, ua koi ʻia ka ʻoihana Taiwanese e pani ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana e nā "hoʻopiʻi" Taiwanese nāna i hoʻouka a lawe aku i kāna mau kikowaena (ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hewa). A i kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua lawe wale kāna hui makua i ka manaʻo e hoʻopau - ua ʻike ka luna kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pāpā, ʻoiai ʻo ia kahi papahana chip kiʻekiʻe, aia ka pilikia o "hoʻokahi kaomi zero. ”

ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka wā e hui ai ka ʻoihana ʻike ʻole i ka mea kuleana nui e makemake i ka moat o ka ʻenehana Maoxiang, ʻo ka hopena ka hopena.

ʻO kēia "hoʻokahi kaomi zero" hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka "ʻāpana ʻoihana honua e pili ana i ke kālepa manuahi" i ʻimi mua ʻia i mea kaua e kūʻē i ka ʻenemi. Ua loaʻa mai i nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika ka huaʻōlelo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mea kaua e hoʻopaʻa i kēia ʻano.

Ma hope o ka ʻike maopopo ʻana i kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole pono e kūkākūkā ka nui o nā mea i hoʻopaʻapaʻa mua ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe kumu o ka lampooning Huawei no ka uhai ʻana i ka pāpā ʻana iā Iran, no ka mea, ua ʻōlelo maopopo ʻia ʻo "ʻo Iran he kumu hoʻopiʻi wale nō"; He mea lapuwale ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana iā Kina no kāna kulekele ʻoihana, no ka mea ke hoʻolilo nei ʻo ʻAmelika i $ 53 biliona no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hana chip a hoʻolaha i ka reshoring.

Ua'ōlelo muaʻo Clausewitz, "ʻO ke kaua ka hoʻomau o ka politika." Pela no na kaua chip.

02

Nahu hope ka blockade

E nīnau kekahi poʻe: ʻo ʻAmelika no laila "ʻo ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa e hakakā", ʻaʻohe ala e hana ai?

Inā ʻoe e ʻimi nei i kēlā ʻano hoʻopunipuni e uhaʻi i ka ʻenemi, ʻaʻole ia. Ua hānau ʻia ka ʻepekema kamepiula ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻoihana kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ke ʻano o ke kaua e pāʻani i ka pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kaulahao ʻoihana, hiki i Kina ke lawe i kahi manawa lōʻihi e lanakila ai mai luna a me lalo. ma ka bit, he hana loihi.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻohe hopena o kēia "hana kaua" a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka hopena ʻaoʻao nui loa o ka ʻāpana āpau o US ʻo ia kēia: hāʻawi iā Kina i ka manawa e hilinaʻi ai i nā mīkini mākeke, ma mua o ka ikaika o ka hoʻolālā, e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.

He mea paʻakikī paha kēia ʻōlelo i ka wā mua. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo mua i ka mana o ka hoʻolālā maʻemaʻe, no ka laʻana, i loko o ka ʻoihana semiconductor, aia kahi papahana kūikawā e kākoʻo i ka noiʻi ʻenehana nui, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nui loa ka ʻenehana hana ʻenehana hoʻohui a me ka hana piha", kapa ʻia ka ʻoihana. 02 kūikawā, maʻemaʻe kālā kālā.

02 kūikawā nui nā hui i lawe, i ka wā o ka mea kākau i loko o ka semiconductor hoʻokomo kālā, i ka wa i ike ai ka hui noiʻi he nui o "02 kūikawā" haʻalele i ka prototype, ma hope o ka ike ana i ka manao o ka huikau, pehea e olelo ai? ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka hale kūʻai he lima hina, aia wale nō i ka wā e neʻe ʻia ai nā alakaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka poli.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hāʻawi ka papahana kūikawā 02 i nā kālā waiwai no nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻoilo i kēlā manawa, akā ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau kālā. Ke hilinaʻi nei i ke kālā kālā wale nō (ʻoiai inā he ʻoihana nā mea kōkua), hopohopo wau he paʻakikī ke hana ʻana i nā ʻenehana a me nā huahana hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i ka mākeke. ʻO ka mea i hana i ka noiʻi ʻike i kēia.

Ma mua o nā kaua chip, he nui nā lako paʻakikī o Kina, nā lako a me nā hui chip liʻiliʻi e hakakā nei me kā lākou mau hoa haole, a ʻo nā hui e like me SMIC, JCET a me Huawei ʻaʻole i nānā nui iā lākou, a maʻalahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu. : ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻohana i nā huahana kūloko inā hiki iā lākou ke kūʻai aku i nā huahana ʻē aʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

Akā ʻo ka pale ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka ʻoihana chip a Kina i lawe mai i kahi manawa kakaikahi i kēia mau hui.

I ka hihia o ka blockade, ua holo wikiwiki ʻia nā mea hana hale i mālama ʻole ʻia e nā fabs a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu hoʻāʻo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā papa, a ua hoʻouna ʻia ka nui o nā lako a me nā mea i ka laina hana no ka hōʻoia. A ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka maloʻo a me ka ua o nā hale hana liʻiliʻi i ʻike koke ʻia ka manaʻolana, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻaʻa e hoʻopau i kēia manawa makamae, no laila ua hana pū lākou me ka luhi e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā huahana.

ʻOiai ʻo kēia kahi pōʻai kūloko o ka marketization, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i waho o ka mākeke, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna hana ma mua o ka ikaika hoʻolālā maʻemaʻe: hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao hao hao i ka pani home, hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao e hoʻopaʻa nui i nā ʻōpala, a ma ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana. ʻO ka hopena waiwai o ka papa i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka semiconductor upstream kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kūwaho he nui nā ʻoihana i ka leo.

Ua helu mākou i ke ʻano o ka loaʻa kālā o nā hui semiconductor i papa inoa ʻia ma Kina i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei (ʻo nā ʻoihana wale nō me nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hana mau ke koho ʻia), a e ʻike mākou i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana: 10 mau makahiki i hala, ʻo ka huina kālā o kēia mau hui kūloko. ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 biliona, a ma ka 2022, ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou waiwai ma mua o 33,4 biliona, kokoke i 10 mau manawa ma mua o 10 mau makahiki i hala.

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Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-30-2023